Malkangni, also known as Jyotishmati, is an Ayurvedic herb that is most well known for its benefits to the nervous system. Traditionally, this herb is called ‘brain clearer’ and is believed to be helpful in improving intelligence. Malkangni is also considered to be beneficial in the management of rheumatism, asthma, leprosy, gout and many other health conditions. 

In Ayurveda, Malkangni is said to be a warming herb that alleviates Kapha and vata dosha. Unani practitioners suggest that this herb should not be given in high doses in warm climates and to young people due to its heating effect on the body. Interestingly, in some parts of India, this herb is applied to the body to provide warmth in winters.

Malkangni plant is indicated to have antifertility effects and is considered to be an abortifacient. The plant may also lead to side effects when taken in high dosage. Consult an experienced ayurvedic doctor before using this herb in any form.

Some facts about Malkangni:

  • Botanical name: Celastrus paniculatus
  • Family: Celastraceae
  • Common names/English name: Intellect tree, Black oil tree, Climbing-staff plant
  • Hindi names: Malkamni, Malkakni 
  • Sanskrit names: Jyotishmati, Svarnalota, Sphutabandhani, Kanguni, Swarnlata, Amruta, katumbhi, Jyotishka, vanhiruchi, Medhya, mati  priya  
  • Parts used: Mainly seeds, seed oil and leaves but also roots, fruit and stem
  • Geographical distribution: Malkangni is found widely in Australia, China, Maldives, Cambodia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Nepal, the Pacific Islands and India. In India, malkangni is seen more commonly in Orrisa, Maharashtra and the Andaman and Nicobar islands. 
  1. How to identify malkangni plant
  2. Malkangni health benefits
  3. Malkangni seed and oil use
  4. Malkangni side effects
Doctors for Malkangni : benefits and side effects

Malkangni is a woody climber with simple ovate leaves that grow alternately on the stem and have toothed margins. The plant bears yellowish, greenish-yellow or greenish-white flowers that grow in clusters. Malkagni plant bears globose yellow-orange fruits. Each fruit bears about one to six yellow or reddish-brown seeds that are ovoid in shape and have an unpleasant odour and bitter taste. 

The bark of the malkangni plant is reddish-brown or pale from the outside with a rough and cracked surface. While from the inside, malkangni bark is light yellow in colour.

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Malkangni plant has several health benefits. In Ayurvedic medicine, malkangni is used as a brain tonic, diuretic and tranquiliser. In Chinese medicine, the plant is used for the treatment of joint pain, rheumatic arthritis, fever and oedema. Experts in Unani medicine suggest this herb for the treatment of various ailments including urine retention, weak memory, stomach issues, sexual weakness and premature greying of hair.  

Following are some other benefits of malkangni plant:

Malkangni/jyotishmati benefits for the brain and nervous system

Malkangni is popular for it’s benefits to the brain and nervous system. A decoction made from malkangni seeds is traditionally used for treating headaches and even depression. A powder made from Malkangni seeds, when taken with water, is traditionally used to manage nervous disorders. Some more ways in which malkangni benefits the nervous system are:

Nootropic: Animal studies suggest that the aqueous extract of malkangni seeds improves memory by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that otherwise breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

Similar results were obtained in another preclinical study wherein the whole malkangni plant was used.

In a 2015 study, experts found that malkangni seed oil, when used along with ghee, may help manage dementia.

Improving cognition: In Ayurvedic medicine, malkangni seeds and seed oil are used to improve intellectual functioning and memory. An older study suggests that supplementation of malkangni may improve IQ levels in children.  

An older study conducted in the US indicated that long-term administration of malkangni can improve spatial memory and cognitive functions. 

According to a study published in the Indian Journal of Pharmacology, administration of malkangni reduces stress-induced cognitive impairment in mice.  

Anti-depressant: A study done in India, suggests that C. paniculatus seed oil has antidepressant effects in mice with unpredictable chronic mild stress

Another study conducted in Kaithal, India, had similar results in unstressed mice with regular administration of C. paniculatus seed oil. The researchers proposed that the herb may be increasing dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Reduction in dopamine and serotonin levels is associated with depression. Additionally, malkangni reduces the activity of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), preventing the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin, further adding to the antidepressant activity.  Antidepressant drugs normally increase the levels of these compounds. 

Tranquillizing/sedative and anticonvulsant effects: Studies done on mice, cats, monkeys and rats suggest that malkangni plants have a tranquillizing effect. Experts indicate that intraperitoneal or intramuscular administration of the herb’s seed oil can induce sedation in rats.

An in-vivo (conducted on animals) study found that malkangni has potent anticonvulsant activity.

Additionally, the herb has also been shown to be effective in reducing anxiety.

Anti-Alzheimer’s: According to a study published in the Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, C. paniculatus seed extract may help manage Alzheimer’s due to its antioxidant effects. Antioxidants are compounds that neutralize free radicals (singlet oxygen for example) in the body, which otherwise deteriorate organ function. Free radicals are naturally produced in the body due to various metabolic processes. However, increased stress and lifestyle factors may lead to excessive free radical production and accumulation, leading to a condition called oxidative stress. Experts suggest that increased oxidative stress may have some role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s.

Antimicrobial effects of malkangni/jyotishmati

Several studies indicate the antimicrobial effects of malkangni plants against both bacteria and fungi. According to a study published in the Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, hydroalcoholic extract of malkangni plant is effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa (causes post-surgical infections in the lungs and blood) and Staphylococcus aureus (causes soft tissue and skin infections). It was also found to be effective against the fungus Aspergillus (causes aspergillosis, a respiratory system infection). 

In another study, the seed extract of malkangni plants was found to be effective against the bacteria E. coli (causes diarrhoea and dysentery) and Bacillus subtilis (causes pneumonia and septicemia).

C. paniculatus extract has also been found to be effective in suppressing the growth of the pneumonia-causing bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae

However, no clinical studies have been done so far to assess the effectiveness of this herb in cases of bacterial infections or fungal infections.

Malkangni/jyotishmati for skin and hair

Malkangni is traditionally used for the treatment of skin infections. Herbal therapists use C. paniculatus seed oil for hair growth and making the hair shine. Malkangni paste, when mixed with warm mustard oil, is said to be good for the scalp. 

There isn’t much scientific research when it comes to the benefits of malkangni on skin and hair. 

However, a triterpene (an active compound) obtained from the leaves of malkangni plant was found to have significant wound healing properties. 

In another study, a 5% gel made from C. paniculatus seed oil showed excellent wound healing by improving collagen fibres, fibroblasts and blood cells. However, the effect was not as strong as standard drugs. 

Due to the absence of clinical trials regarding the safety and efficacy of the herb in humans, it is best that you consult an ayurvedic practitioner before using malkangni in any form on your skin and hair.

Other health benefits of malkangni

 Apart from the ones mentioned above, there are some more benefits of malkangni:

  • The powdered root bark of this plant is given for the treatment of malaria. An older study indicated that the root bark and stem extracts of C. paniculatus possess anti-malarial properties. The effects were stronger with root bark compared to the stem. However, the triterpene extracted from the root bark was found to be less effective than the traditional antimalarial drugs.
  • As per a study done in India, C. paniculatus seed extract may help reduce blood cholesterol levels. 
  • A study conducted in Andhra Pradesh, India, found that C. paniculatus seed extract stimulates both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These are the two arms of the adaptive immune system (the one you acquire after you are exposed to infectious agents). Increase in antibodies, white blood cells and red blood cells was seen on the administration of the herb to rats. The herb also showed a reduction in oxidative stress in these animal models.
  • Malkangni is used for the management of bleeding piles in Himalayan medicine.
  • Malkangni roots are crushed to be used for the treatment of pneumonia in some folk medicine systems. Powdered root of malkangni is used for the management of cancer in Uttar Pradesh.
  • Old literature form Himachal Pradesh mentions malkangni plant as a carminative (reduces flatulence) and cardiotonic.
  • C. paniculatus is used for relieving constipation, anorexia and cough in traditional Indian medicine. It is also known as an aphrodisiac and emetic.
  • Three drops of malkangni oil mixed with egg yolk is said to be effective against acidity and stomach gas.
  • The root of the malkangni plant is used to reduce menstrual pain
  • Malkangni root, mixed with long pepper and made into a paste, is taken twice a day for the treatment of leucorrhea and spermatorrhea.
  • Root bark, when given along with cow’s milk, is said to be effective against leucorrhea.
  • In Ayurveda, malkangni is given as an antidote to opioid addiction. It is helpful in relieving opioid withdrawal symptoms including muscle pain, anxiety and watery nose. The herb is usually given along with another medicine called Vishtinduk vati and taken along with milk and cow’s ghee.

Malkangni benefits in arthritis

Arthritis is a term used to denote a group of inflammatory conditions of the joints characterised by joint pain and stiffness. The condition is not completely curable and thus requires long-term management. 

Malkangni seed oil is used by some tribes in India for treating rheumatic pain in the joints. The plant is also traditionally used for managing gout, which is another type of arthritis.

Now, animal studies suggest that C. paniculatus seeds can promote anti-arthritic activity. As per a study done in mice, malkangni reduces cytokine overproduction and hence inflammation, providing relief from arthritis symptoms. 

Methanolic extracts of malkangni flowers have also shown antinociceptive (suppresses the perception of pain) and anti-inflammatory effect in animal models. The study suggested that the anti-inflammatory effects of malkangni plants may be due to a reduction in prostaglandin and IL-1 beta levels in the body, two compounds involved in the inflammatory reaction of the body.

According to a study published in the International Journal of Pharma Tech Research, malkangni extracts have significant anti-inflammatory effects when compared to the drug diclofenac sodium, which is commonly prescribed to relieve inflammation and pain.

Malkangni is mainly used in the form of seeds, seed powder or oil. 

How do you eat malkangni seeds: Malkangni seeds can be taken as such or in the form of powder mixed with water, ghee or milk, depending on what your doctor recommends.  

How do you use Malkangni seed oil: Malkangni seed oil is used topically and is also consumed in various ayurvedic preparations.

Dosage: The following dosage of malkangni is mentioned for medicinal purposes in an article published in the International Journal of AYUSH:

  • Oil: 5 to 15 drops
  • Seeds: 5 to 15 seeds
  • Seed powder: 1 to 2 g
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Here are some side effects of malkangni/jyotishmati plant:

  • Malkangni plant is known to have abortifacient effects. Pregnant women are suggested to avoid this herb or consult a doctor before taking it in any form.
  • High doses of malkangni (more than 2 g) can cause nausea and vomiting. 
  • Most herbs interfere with the functioning of medications. If you have any chronic health condition or if you are taking any medication, it is best that you consult a doctor before taking malkangni in any form.
Dr. Harshaprabha Katole

Dr. Harshaprabha Katole

Ayurveda
7 Years of Experience

Dr. Dhruviben C.Patel

Dr. Dhruviben C.Patel

Ayurveda
4 Years of Experience

Dr Prashant Kumar

Dr Prashant Kumar

Ayurveda
2 Years of Experience

Dr Rudra Gosai

Dr Rudra Gosai

Ayurveda
1 Years of Experience

References

  1. National Health Portal [Internet]. National Institute of Health and Family Welfare. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India; Malkangani (Celastrus Paniculatus Willd)
  2. Horticulture and Landscape Architecture: College of Agriculture [Internet]. Purdue University. Indiana. US; Malkangni or Peng (Celastrus paniculatus Wild)
  3. Forest department: Government of Rajasthan [Internet]. India; Technical bulletin on Celastrus penniculatus (Malkangni)
  4. Valecha Rekha, Dhingra Dinesh. Behavioral and Biochemical Evidences for Antidepressant-Like Activity of Celastrus Paniculatus Seed Oil in Mice. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016 Jan; 7(1): 49–56. PMID: 27303599.
  5. Gattu M, Pauly JR, Boss KL, Summers JB, Buccafusco JJ. Cognitive impairment in spontaneously hypertensive rats: role of central nicotinic receptors. I. Brain Res. 1997 Oct 10;771(1):89-103. PMID: 9383012
  6. Bhagya V., Christofer Thomas, Rao B. S. Shankaranarayana. Neuroprotective effect of Celastrus paniculatus on chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. Indian J Pharmacol. 2016 Nov-Dec; 48(6): 687–693. PMID: 28066108.
  7. Dhingra D, Valecha R. Behavioural and neuroendocrine effects of aqueous extract of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn. in mice using tail suspension and forced swim tests--a preliminary study. Indian J Exp Biol. 2014 Jan;52(1):53-9. PMID: 24617015.
  8. Delgado PL. Depression: the case for a monoamine deficiency. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61 Suppl 6:7-11. PMID: 10775018.
  9. Mishra Bharat, John Elezabeth. A Systematic Review on Neuro-Psychopharmacological effects of Celastrus paniculatus (Malkangani) Oil. Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2020; 13(5):2452-2458.
  10. Badrul Alama, Ekramul Haque. Anti-Alzheimer and Antioxidant Activity of Celastrus paniculatus Seed. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2011; 7(1): 49-56.
  11. Kulkarni Yogesh A, Agarwal Sneha, Garud Mayuresh. Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2015 April; 6(2):82-8.
  12. Parimala Sudha, et al. Anti- inflammatory activity of Celastrus paniculatus seeds. International Journal of PharmTech Research. 2009; 1(4):974-4304.
  13. Kumar Vijay, et al. Determination of phytochemical, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and protein binding qualities of hydroethanolic extract of Celastrus paniculatus . Journal of Applied Biology and Biotechnology; 2018; 6(06): 11-17.
  14. Parkash Vipin, Sandhu Padmini. In vitro antimycobiotic and antibacterial action of seed extract of Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (Jyotismati). 2012 October. Journal of antimicrobials, Photon; 127.
  15. Maurya Harikesh, Dwivedi Vaibhav. Wound Healing Potential of Celastrus paniculatus Seed Oil in Rat Model. International Research Journal of Pharmacology. 2020; 2(1): 1-8.
  16. Patil R. H., Prakash K., Maheshwari V. L. Hypolipidemic Effect of Celastrus paniculatus in Experimentally Induced Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2010 Oct; 25(4): 405–410. PMID: 21966115.
  17. Salomi Kallakunta Ruth, et al. Evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of petroleum ether extract of seeds of Celastrus paniculatus. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2011; 3(5): 87-93.
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